Multilayer fluidic devices and methods for their fabrication

ABSTRACT

A method of making a flowcell includes bonding a first surface of an organic solid support to a surface of a first inorganic solid support via a first bonding layer, wherein the organic solid support includes a plurality of elongated cutouts. The method further includes bonding a surface of a second inorganic solid support to a second surface of the organic solid support via a second bonding layer, so as to form the flowcell. The formed flowcell includes a plurality of channels defined by the surface of the first inorganic solid support, the surface of the second inorganic solid support, and walls of the elongated cutouts.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 16/026,847, filed Jul.3, 2018, which is itself a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 15/902,590,filed Feb. 22, 2018, which is itself a continuation of U.S. Ser. No.14/774,919, filed Sep. 11, 2015, which is itself a national stage entryunder 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT/US2013/030940, filed Mar. 13, 2013, each ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

This disclosure relates generally to fluidic devices used for analyticaland synthetic chemistry, and more specifically to flowcells used forsequencing and other analyses of nucleic acid arrays.

Biological arrays have become a key tool for genomic analysis inresearch settings and are poised to become important tools in clinicalsettings for diagnosing human disease. In certain applications,individual DNA probes are attached to a geometric grid on an arraysupport. A test sample, such as from a known person or organism, isexposed to the grid, such that complimentary gene fragments bind toprobes at known locations on the array. Alternatively, a test sample,such as from a known person or organism, can be attached to the supportand evaluated, for example, using a DNA sequencing technique. In eitherformat the array can be detected, for example, using fluorescentreagents delivered fluidically to the array surface. Often thetechniques utilize multiple steps of fluid delivery and multipledetection steps. The need for precise fluidic manipulations and accuratehigh-resolution detection in array techniques places big demands onarrays, the materials from which they are made and the devices thathouse them.

Significant improvements have recently been made in the biochemicalassays that are run on arrays, the imaging systems used to detect thearrays and the data processing systems used to evaluate the resultsobtained from the arrays. For example, improvements in sequencingchemistry, imaging optics and sequence data analysis used in commercialsequencing platforms have resulted in faster, more accurate and higherresolution genomic analysis than ever before. However, as theseimprovements occur, the resulting increase in sequence platform usagecreates increased demand for arrays and the flowcells that house them.Because arrays and flowcells are generally disposable, this demandscales directly with the increased demand for genomic analysis.Improvements in array and flowcell fabrication are needed to prevent thecost of their production from becoming an impediment to reductions inthe overall cost of genomic analyses. Furthermore, improvements in arrayand flowcell fabrication are also needed to avoid counteracting theadvances in other components of genetic analysis platforms that areotherwise positioning the technology to become more clinically usefuland widespread. The present invention satisfies these needs and providesother advantages as well.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides a fluidic device including (a) aninorganic solid support attached to an organic solid support by abonding layer, wherein the inorganic solid support has a rigid structureand wherein the bonding layer includes a material that absorbs radiationat a wavelength that is transmitted by the inorganic solid support orthe organic solid support, and (b) at least one channel formed by theattachment of the inorganic solid support to the organic solid support,wherein the channel is configured to contain a liquid and the bondinglayer that attaches the inorganic solid support to the organic solidsupport provides a seal against liquid flow. In particular embodiments,the material that absorbs the radiation is not an electricallyconductive material such as a metal.

This disclosure further provides a method for making a multilayerdevice. The method can include the steps of (a) providing an inorganicsolid support and an organic solid support, wherein the inorganic solidsupport has a rigid structure; (b) providing a radiation-absorbingmaterial; (c) contacting the inorganic solid support, the organic solidsupport and the radiation-absorbing material in a configuration whereinthe radiation-absorbing material is present at an interface between theinorganic solid support and the organic solid support; and (d) applyingcompression at the interface and irradiating the radiation-absorbingmaterial with the radiation to form a bonding layer between theinorganic solid support and the organic solid support. In particularembodiments, the radiation-absorbing material is not an electricallyconductive material such as a metal.

Also provided is a fluidic device having at least one channel defined byan inorganic solid support attached to an organic solid support by abonding layer, wherein the fluidic device is made by the process of: (a)contacting the inorganic solid support, the organic solid support and aradiation-absorbing material in a configuration wherein theradiation-absorbing material is present at an interface between theinorganic solid support and the organic solid support; and (b) applyingcompression at the interface and irradiating the radiation-absorbingmaterial with the radiation to form the bonding layer between theinorganic solid support and the organic solid support. In particularembodiments, the radiation-absorbing material is not an electricallyconductive material such as a metal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows profile views of multilayer fluidic devices undergoing alaser induced bonding process, wherein Panel A shows a device formed byin organic layer sandwiched between two inorganic layers and Panel Bshows a device formed by a single organic layer bonded to a singleinorganic layer.

FIG. 2 shows a diagrammatic representation of a process for fabricatinga multilayer flowcell.

FIG. 3 shows (a) Activation of ITO on D263 surface using Oxygen plasma(b) Surface functionalization of ITO with APTMS and (c) IR bonding ofblack polyimide to silanized surface.

FIG. 4 shows a photograph of a flowcell having top and bottom surfaceswith ITO layers that are each connected to a pair of electricalcontacts.

FIG. 5 shows a diagram in which input and output devices areelectrically connected to pairs of electrical contacts of the flowcellof FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram depicting an example method for making amultilayer device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Terms used herein will be understood to take on their ordinary meaningin the relevant art unless specified otherwise. Several terms usedherein and their meanings are set forth below.

As used herein, the term “array” refers to a population of sites thatcan be differentiated from each other according to relative location.Different molecules that are at different sites of an array can bedifferentiated from each other according to the locations of the sitesin the array. An individual site of an array can include one or moremolecules of a particular type. For example, a site can include a singletarget nucleic acid molecule having a particular sequence or a site caninclude several nucleic acid molecules having the same sequence (and/orcomplementary sequence, thereof). The sites of an array can be differentfeatures located on the same substrate. Exemplary features includewithout limitation, wells in a substrate, beads (or other particles) inor on a substrate, projections from a substrate, electrodes on asubstrate, metal pads on a substrate, gel pads on a substrate, ridges ona substrate or channels in a substrate. The sites of an array can beseparate substrates each bearing a different molecule. Differentmolecules attached to separate substrates can be identified according tothe locations of the substrates on a surface to which the substrates areassociated. Exemplary arrays in which separate substrates are located ona surface include, without limitation, those having beads in wells.

As used herein, the term “bonding layer” refers to an area that attachestwo support structures to each other. For example, the bonding layer caninclude one or more covalent or non-covalent bonds that form theattachment. A covalent bond is characterized by the sharing of pairs ofelectrons between atoms. A chain of two or more covalent bonds can forma molecular link between two support structures. Thus, the bonding layercan have a thickness of one or more covalent bond-lengths. In particularembodiments, each molecular link can span the bonding layeruninterrupted by any non-covalent bonds. Alternatively, a molecular linkcan include one or more non-covalent bonds in a chain of bonds that spanthe bonding layer. A non-covalent bond is a chemical bond that does notinvolve the sharing of pairs of electrons and can include, for example,hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals forces, hydrophilicinteractions and hydrophobic interactions. In at least some embodiments,the bonding layer can include a combination of covalent molecular linksthat span the bonding layer and non-covalent linkages that span at leastpart of the bonding area. Any of a variety of materials that join,fasten, adhere, connect or bind the solid supports can be included in abonding layer. Preferably a bonding layer prevents fluid leakage byforming a seal.

As used herein, the term “channel” refers to an elongated passage thatis configured to contain a fluid or direct the flow of a fluid in or ona solid support. An example is an open channel configured as a groove,trench, straight, furrow or the like. The transverse cross section of anopen channel can be, for example, U-shaped, V-shaped, curved, angular,polygonal, or hyperbolic. Another example is a closed channel configuredas a pipe, tube, tunnel or the like. A closed channel can have acircular, elliptical, square, rectangular, or polygonal cross section.

As used herein, the term “chemically reactive layer” refers to a surfacecoating or region between surfaces that contains at least one moietythat is capable of becoming covalently modified or covalently attachedto at least one other moiety upon physical or chemical stimulation. Insome embodiments the region between the surfaces can be occupied by aliquid, gas, solid or plasma that contains the reactive moiety.

As used herein, the term “compression” refers to a force that brings twoobjects together. For example, two solid supports can be broughttogether by clamping the supports to each other, pressing the twosupports together, placing one support atop another in a gravitationalfield (e.g. under earth's gravity or centrifugally induced gravity) orthe like.

As used herein, the term “each,” when used in reference to a collectionof items, is intended to identify an individual item in the collectionbut does not necessarily refer to every item in the collection.Exceptions can occur if explicit disclosure or context clearly dictatesotherwise.

As used herein, the term “gel” refers to a semi-rigid material that ispermeable to liquids and gases. Typically, gel material can swell whenliquid is taken up and can contract when liquid is removed by drying.Exemplary gels include, but are not limited to those having a colloidalstructure, such as agarose; polymer mesh structure, such as gelatin; orcross-linked polymer structure, such as polyacrylamide, SFA (see, forexample, US Pat. App. Pub. No. 2011/0059865 A1, which is incorporatedherein by reference) or PAZAM (see, for example, U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/784,368, which is incorporated herein by reference).Particularly useful gel material will conform to the shape of a surface,for example, to enter pits, wells, or other concave features on thesurface.

As used herein, the term “inorganic solid support” refers to a substratehaving an internal structure held together by bonds between inorganicatoms. An inorganic solid support can, however, have an organic layer onthe surface of the substrate. A trace or small amount of organic mattercan occur in the internal structure of the inorganic solid support solong as the structural integrity is primarily mediated by bonds andinteractions between inorganic atoms. Exemplary inorganic solid supportsinclude, but are not limited to, glass and modified or functionalizedglass, ceramics, silica or silica-based materials including silicon andmodified silicon, metals, and optical fiber bundles.

As used herein, the term “interface” refers to a region at the boundaryof two materials. For example, the term can refer to an area between twosolid supports, between a solid support and a chemically reactive layer,between chemically reactive layers on two solid supports, between abonding layer and a solid support, etc. The term can further refer tothe surface of one or both of the materials that occur at the boundary.For example, the term can refer to a layer that is present on thesurface of one or both materials.

As used herein, the term “organic solid support” refers to a substratehaving an internal structure that is held together by bonding betweenorganic atoms or molecules. An organic solid support can, however, haveone or more inorganic atoms in the internal structure or on the surfaceof the substrate. For example, a trace or small amount of inorganicmatter can occur in the internal structure of the organic solid support.Exemplary materials for organic solid supports include, but are notlimited to, plastics, thermoplastics, thermosets, nylon, cyclic olefincopolymers (e.g. Zeonor), cyclic olefin polymers, carbon fiber, andpolymers. Exemplary thermoplastics include polyacrylate, polyamide,polyimide (e.g. Kapton products from DuPont), polybutyleneterephthalate, polycarbonate, polyether ketone, polyethylene,polyphenylene sulfide, polyacetal, polypropylene, polystyrene,polysulfone, polyvinyl butyral and polyvinyl chloride. Thermoplasticsare particularly useful of which Kapton KJ and black Kapton KJ areexamples.

As used herein, the term “planar surface” refers to an external part orexternal layer of a solid support that is apparently flat. Flatness canbe apparent to the naked eye or at a magnification level of at most 5×,10×, 100×, or 1000×. The planar surface can be on a portion of asubstrate that otherwise has features such as wells, pits, metalfeatures, gel features, channels, ridges, raised regions, pegs, posts orthe like.

As used herein, the term “rigid structure” refers to a substrate that isstiff or inflexible. The rigid structure can optionally be capable oftaking up a liquid (e.g. due to porosity) but will typically not swellsubstantially when taking up the liquid and will not contractsubstantially when the liquid is removed by drying.

As used herein, the term “solid support” refers to a substrate that isinsoluble in aqueous liquid. The substrate can be non-porous or porous.The solid support can be rigid or flexible. A nonporous solid support isgenerally provides a seal against bulk flow of liquids or gases.Exemplary solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass andmodified or functionalized glass, plastics (including acrylics,polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and other materials,polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyurethanes, Teflon™,cyclic olefins, polyimides etc.), nylon, ceramics, resins, Zeonor,silica or silica-based materials including silicon and modified silicon,carbon, metals, inorganic glasses, optical fiber bundles, and polymers.Particularly useful solid supports for some embodiments have at leastone surface located within a flowcell apparatus. Exemplary flowcells areset forth in further detail below.

The embodiments set forth below and recited in the claims can beunderstood in view of the above definitions.

This disclosure provides a method for making a multilayer device. Themethod can include the steps of (a) providing an inorganic solid supportand an organic solid support, wherein the inorganic solid support has arigid structure; (b) providing a radiation-absorbing material; (c)contacting the inorganic solid support, the organic solid support andthe radiation-absorbing material in a configuration wherein theradiation-absorbing material is present at an interface between theinorganic solid support and the organic solid support; and (d) applyingcompression at the interface and irradiating the radiation-absorbingmaterial with the radiation to form a bonding layer between theinorganic solid support and the organic solid support. In particularembodiments, the radiation-absorbing material is not an electricallyconductive material. For example, in some embodiments, theradiation-absorbing material is not a metal.

In some embodiments, the above method can be used to create a devicewith open channels, reservoirs or other features. Optionally, a devicecan be fabricated to have channels, reservoirs or other features thatare enclosed. For example, the method for making a multilayer devicecan, optionally, further include the steps of (e) providing a secondinorganic solid support; (f) contacting the second inorganic solidsupport with the organic solid support in a configuration wherein theradiation-absorbing material is present at a second interface betweenthe second inorganic solid support and the organic solid support; and(g) applying compression at the second interface and irradiating theradiation-absorbing material with the radiation to form a bonding layerbetween the second inorganic solid support and the organic solidsupport. Whether or not the device includes enclosed features, steps (e)through (g) can be carried out once or more to create several spacedlayers (i.e. multiple multilayers) each having an organic solid supportsandwiched between two inorganic solid supports.

The methods set forth herein are useful for fabricating devices having avariety of configurations and dimensions. For example, the devices canhave planar layers that are stacked to form planar structures, such asthose commonly characterized as chips, slides, cartridges and the like.Examples of devices having a generally planar structure are shown inFIG. 2 and FIG. 4. Non-planar devices can also be fabricated using themethods set forth herein. The layers can be non-planar being instead,for example, curved as is found for structures that are tubular,cylindrical, conical or spherical. A multilayer device can have acombination of planar and non-planar regions. For example a generallyplanar support can have curved features such as wells, channels, pits,indents, pillars, protuberances and the like. Thus some of the layers ina multilayer device or used to make a multilayer device can be planarwhereas other layers are non-planar.

The dimensions of a device made in accordance with the methods set forthherein can be on any of a variety of scales. For example, devices of thepresent disclosure may have outer dimensions in the range of a fewmeters, 1 to 100 centimeters, 1-1000 millimeters, 1-1000 micrometers, or1-1000 nanometers. Larger or smaller dimensions are also possible. Forexample, in some embodiments devices of the present disclosure haveouter dimensions with an area that is no larger than 1 m², 10 cm², 1cm², 100 mm², 10 mm², 1 mm², 100 μm², 10 μm², 1 μm², 100 nm², 10 nm², 1nm², or smaller. Alternatively or additionally, devices of the presentdisclosure have outer dimensions with an area that is at least 1 nm², 10nm², 100 nm², 1 μm², 10 μm², 100 μm², 1 mm², 10 mm², 100 mm², 1 cm², 10cm², 1 ² or more.

The thickness of a device provided by the present disclosure willfollow, at least in part, from the thickness of the layers present inthe device. Different layers can have different thickness based ondesired properties or uses. For example, an inorganic solid support mayprovide desired structural support, rigidity, flexibility, opticalproperties, thermal transfer properties or the like, each of which canbe influenced by thickness of the material. Similarly, it may be desiredthat an organic solid support have one or more of these properties. Asexemplified by some embodiments herein, an organic solid support mayfunction as a spacer. When used in a fluidic device the thickness of thespacer can influence the volume of channels or other fluidic features ofthe device. The thickness of a solid support or individual layer presentin a multilayer device or used in a method of making a multilayer devicecan be, for example, at least 1 nm, 10 nm, 100 nm, 1 μm, 10 μm, 100 μm,1 mm, 10 mm, 100 mm, 1 cm, 10 cm, 1 m or more. Alternatively oradditionally, the thickness of a solid support or other layer may be nolarger than 1 m, 10 cm, 1 cm, 100 mm, 10 mm, 1 mm, 100 μm, 10 μm, 1 μm,100 nm, 10 nm, 1 nm, or smaller. Accordingly, the volume of spaceoccupied by a multilayer device or layer of a multilayer device can bein a range that is at least 1 μm³, 10 μm³, 100 μm³, 1 mm³, 10 mm³, 100mm³, 1 cm³, 10 cm³, 1 m³, several m³ or larger. Alternatively oradditionally, the volume of space occupied by a multilayer device orlayer of a multilayer device can be in a range that is no larger than 1m³, 10 cm³, 1 cm³, 100 mm³, 10 mm³, 1 mm³, 100 μm³, 10 μm³, 1 μm³, orsmaller.

A multilayer device of the present disclosure can be useful fortransferring, storing, modifying, reacting or directing fluids. As such,multilayer fluidic devices are provided. The fluidic devices caninclude, for example, channels, reservoirs, inlets, outlets, chambers orother structural features that allow fluidic operation. These structuralfeatures can be configured and dimensioned to allow processing orstorage of fluids on any of a variety of volume levels. For example, thefeatures can have dimensions that contain no more than about 1, 10, or100 picoliters; 1, 10, or 100 nanoliters; 1, 10, or 100 microliters; 1,10, or 100 milliliters, or 1, 10, or 100 liters. In several embodiments,such as those demonstrated in the Examples section below, the dimensionsof the fluidic features are determined by the size and shape of a spacerused on a solid support or sandwiched between two solid supports. Forexample, as demonstrated by the flowcell shown in FIG. 2, the volume ofthe flowcell channels is determined by the thickness of the blackpolyimide spacer and by the width of the cutout regions in the spacer.

In particular embodiments, an inorganic solid support and an organicsolid support are brought into contact, wherein a radiation-absorbingmaterial is present at the interface between them; and compression isapplied at the interface while irradiating the radiation-absorbingmaterial. This results in bonding between the inorganic solid supportand the organic solid support to form a multilayer device. An inorganicsolid support that is used in a method or device set forth herein can bemade from any of a variety of materials including, but not limited toglass, silicon, metals (e.g. oxides of titanium, tin, nickel, zirconiumor aluminum), fused silica, quartz, silicone (e.g. PDMS) or derivativesthereof or other materials set forth elsewhere herein or known in theart. An inorganic support can be made of a relatively homogenousmaterial, for example, having no more than trace amounts of impurities.Alternatively, an inorganic support can include a heterogeneousmaterial. For example, the inorganic support can include layers ofdifferent composition or features of different composition. Specificexamples are glass substrates having an inner layer of metal (e.g. ITO),or discrete metal (e.g. ITO) features on the surface. Other electricallyconductive materials besides metals can be used.

As set forth in the Examples section below, solid supports havingelectrically conductive layers or features are useful for electricalmanipulation or detection of samples. ITO features (or otherelectrically conductive features) can be present on the surface of asolid support, for example, at locations that correspond to fluidicchannels. The electrically conductive features can be absent fromsurface areas of a solid support (e.g. a glass slide) that bond to asecond solid support (e.g. a polyimide spacer).

A solid support can include an array of features that are useful foranalytical evaluation of nucleic acids or other analytes. The featurescan be present during one or more of the fabrication steps set forthherein, but are typically added at the later steps. For example, it maybe desirable to add analytes, such as nucleic acids and/or surfacefeatures to which the analytes will attach, to a solid support afterbonding has occurred between an organic solid support and inorganicsolid support in order to avoid exposing the analyte and/or feature toharsh conditions such as laser irradiation, chemical bonding reagents,heat or pressure. The features of an array can be present in any of avariety of desired formats. For example, the features can be wells,pits, channels, ridges, raised regions, pegs, posts or the like.Optionally, the sites can contain beads. However, in particularembodiments the sites need not contain a bead or particle. Exemplarysites include wells that are present in substrates used for commercialsequencing platforms sold by 454 LifeSciences (a subsidiary of Roche,Basel Switzerland) or Ion Torrent (a subsidiary of Life Technologies,Carlsbad Calif.). Other solid supports having wells include, forexample, etched fiber optics and other substrates described in U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,266,459; 6,355,431; 6,770,441; 6,859,570; 6,210,891; 6,258,568;6,274,320; US 2009/0026082 A1; US 2009/0127589 A1; US 2010/0137143 A1;US 2010/0282617 A1 or PCT Publication No. WO 00/63437, each of which isincorporated herein by reference. In several cases the substrates areexemplified in these references for applications that use beads in thewells. The well-containing substrates can be used with or without beadsin the methods or compositions of the present disclosure. In someembodiments, wells of a substrate can include gel material (with orwithout beads) as set forth in U.S. patent application Ser. No13/787,396, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The sites of an array can be metal features on an inorganic solidsupport (or other solid support). Metal can be deposited on a surfaceusing methods known in the art such as wet plasma etching, dry plasmaetching, atomic layer deposition, ion beam etching, chemical vapordeposition, vacuum sputtering, e-beam evaporation or sputtering or thelike. Exemplary methods for depositing metals, for example, to create anarray of metal features are provided in U.S. Ser. No. 13/783,043 andSer. No. 13/492,661, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

An array of features can appear as a grid of spots or patches. Thefeatures can be located in a repeating pattern or in an irregularnon-repeating pattern. Particularly useful patterns are hexagonalpatterns, rectilinear patterns, grid patterns, patterns havingreflective symmetry, patterns having rotational symmetry, or the like.Asymmetric patterns can also be useful. The pitch can be the samebetween different pairs of nearest neighbor features or the pitch canvary between different pairs of nearest neighbor features. In particularembodiments, features of an array can each have an area that is largerthan about 100 nm², 1 μm², 10 μm², 100 μm², or 500 μm². Alternatively oradditionally, features of an array can each have an area that is smallerthan about 1 mm², 500 μm²,100 μm², 10 μm², 1 μm² or 100 nm².

For embodiments that include an array of features on a surface, such asthe surface of an inorganic solid support, the features can be discrete,being separated by interstitial regions. The size of the features and/orspacing between the regions can vary such that arrays can be highdensity, medium density or lower density. High density arrays arecharacterized as having regions separated by less than about 15 μm.Medium density arrays have regions separated by about 15 to 30 μm, whilelow density arrays have regions separated by greater than 30 μm. Anarray useful in the invention can have regions that are separated byless than 100 μm, 50 μm, 10 μm, 5 μm, 1 μm or 0.5 μm. Such densityranges can apply to arrays having an ordered pattern of features orarrays having a random pattern of features.

In particular embodiments, an array can include a collection of beads orother particles. Examples of arrays having beads located on a surfaceinclude those wherein beads are located in wells such as a BeadChiparray (Illumina Inc., San Diego Calif.) or substrates used in sequencingplatforms from 454 LifeSciences (a subsidiary of Roche, BaselSwitzerland) or Ion Torrent (a subsidiary of Life Technologies, CarlsbadCalif.). Other arrays having beads located on a surface are described inU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,266,459; 6,355,431; 6,770,441; 6,859,570; 6,210,891;6,258,568; 6,274,320; US 2009/0026082 A1; US 2009/0127589 A1; US2010/0137143 A1; US 2010/0282617 A1 or PCT Publication No. WO 00/63437,each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such surfaceconfigurations can be used on solid phase supports used in the devicesset forth herein. Beads and/or wells can be present in a solid supportprior to use in a support bonding method set forth herein.Alternatively, beads and/or wells can be added to a solid support duringor after use in a support bonding method set forth herein.

Any of a variety of materials can be used as an organic solid support ina method or composition set forth herein including, but not limited to apolymer, thermoplastic, thermoset, cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), cyclicolefin polymer (COP), polyimide, polycarbonate, polyacrylic, Kapton,polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or derivatives thereof or other materialsset forth herein. An organic solid support can be flexible or rigid asdesired for particular uses. The methods set forth herein areparticularly advantageous when used with a rigid inorganic solid supportand a rigid organic support. Although not wishing to be bound by theoryit is believed that the methods allow melting of one or both rigidsupports to provide for closer contact to facilitate covalent bondingbetween the two rigid support materials. Melting one or both of thesolid supports at an interface can be useful whether covalent bonds ornon-covalent interactions result. The resulting bond is advantageous inpreventing leakage. The bonding layer can form a seal to contain fluid,liquid or gas, or to direct flow of a liquid, fluid or gas.

An organic solid support can be made from a material that absorbsradiation in a region of the spectrum that corresponds with emissionfrom a particular laser. For example, polyimide polymers such as Kaptonpolymers (DuPont) have absorption edges such that they absorbappreciably at wavelengths below about 650 nm. Thus, the Kaptons can beheated by radiation in this wavelength range, for example, from a laserthat emits at 480 nm. Alternatively an organic solid support can beimpregnated with a radiation absorptive material, or it can be coatedwith a radiation absorptive material. For example, an organic solidsupport can be impregnated or coated with a dye or with carbon black asis the case for black Kapton (carbon black-impregnated polyimideavailable from DuPont). A dye that is used can be matched to aparticular laser according to overlap between the wavelength emitted bythe laser and the absorption spectrum for the dye. A laser that emits ator close to peak absorption for a chosen dye is advantageous, but notnecessary since off-peak absorption can be sufficient to achieve adesired level of bonding in embodiments of the methods set forth herein.As set forth in the Examples section below, black Kapton can beactivated (e.g. via heating) by a laser that emits at 1064 nm.

Accordingly, an organic solid support that is present in a method ordevice set forth herein can absorb radiation in a part of the spectrumthat matches a laser that is used in a bonding step. The organic solidsupport can absorb radiation in any of a variety of regions of thespectrum including for example in the UV (e.g. extreme UV or near UV),VIS (e.g. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo or violet), or IR(e.g. near IR, mid IR or far IR) regions of the spectrum. It will beunderstood that an organic solid support can be chosen based on absenceof absorption in one or more of regions of the spectrum, including forexample, one or more of the aforementioned regions. In some embodiments,the inorganic solid support will transmit radiation in at least part ofthe spectrum that is absorbed by the organic solid support.

Although the methods have been exemplified above for embodiments whereinthe organic sold support absorbs radiation that causes bonding at aninterface between the organic solid support and an inorganic solidsupport, it will be understood that alternatively or additionally theinorganic solid support can be made from a material that absorbs thelaser radiation. For example, the inorganic solid support can beimpregnated with a radiation absorptive material, or it can be coatedwith a radiation absorptive material. Furthermore, a radiation absorbingmaterial can be a liquid or other material that is present between aninorganic solid support and an organic solid support during or afterbonding of a multilayer support. Such materials can be chosen based onability to absorb radiation in any of a variety of regions of thespectrum including for example in the UV (e.g. extreme UV or near UV),VIS (e.g. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo or violet), or IR(e.g. near IR, mid IR or far IR) regions of the spectrum. The materialcan be chosen based on absence of absorption in one or more of regionsof the spectrum, including for example, one or more of theaforementioned regions. In some embodiments, the inorganic solid supportwill transmit radiation in at least part of the spectrum that isabsorbed by the radiation absorbing material.

In particular embodiments, a chemically reactive layer will be presentbetween an inorganic solid support and an organic solid support during abonding step. The chemically reactive layer can be a coating on eitheror both of the organic solid support and inorganic solid support.Alternatively, the chemically reactive layer can be present in or on anintermediate material that is present between the two solid supportssuch that the two solid supports become attached via the intermediatematerial as a result of carrying out the fabrication method. Similarly,the chemically reactive layer can be a fluid layer containingcross-linking reagents that are reactive to both the organic solidsupport and the inorganic solid support.

A chemically reactive layer can be created on a solid support using, forexample, a silanization method. Techniques such as vapor phasedeposition, dip coating, spin coating and spray coating can be used tosilanize a surface. In some embodiments, such methods can be used toapply a silane coat across the entirety of a surface. However, it isalso possible to create a silanization pattern on a surface, forexample, using masking methods or precision spraying methods. Forexample, as set forth in further detail below it may be desirable toapply silane (or other chemically reactive moieties) selectively toregions on the surface of an inorganic solid support that are to bebonded to an organic solid support, while avoiding or minimizingsilanization (or other chemical modification) of other regions of theinorganic solid support where a bond to the organic slid support is notwanted. If desired the surface of an organic solid support can bepatterned with silane or other chemically reactive coating using similartechniques.

Examples of silanes that can be used include, but are not limited to,acrylate functional silanes, aldehyde functional silanes, aminofunctional silanes, anhydride functional silanes, azide functionalsilanes, carboxylate functional silanes, phosphonate functional silanes,sulfonate functional silanes, epoxy functional silanes, ester functionalsilanes, vinyl functional silanes, olefin functional silanes, halogenfunctional silanes and dipodal silanes with any or none of the abovefunctional groups. The choice of silane functionality can be made basedon the reactivity of the organic material to which it will react. Forexample, amino functional silanes react with thermoplastics such aspolyacrylate, polyamide, polyamide-imide, polybutylene terephthalate,polycarbonate, polyether ketone, polyethylene, polyphenylene sulfide,polysulfone, polyvinyl butyral and polyvinyl chloride. Vinyl and olefinfunctional silanes react with thermoplastics such as polyacetal,polyethylene, and polypropylene. Acrylate functional silanes react withthermoplastics such as polypropylene, and polystyrene.

A method of the present disclosure can include a step of irradiating aradiation-absorbing material that is present between an inorganic solidsupport and an organic solid support, thereby bonding the inorganicsolid support and the organic solid support. The irradiation istypically carried out by a laser, but other radiation sources can beused if desired. A laser or other radiation source can be selected basedon the wavelength and power of the radiation output that will producedesired bonding. Typically a wavelength is chosen that it transmits wellthrough the transparent solid support and absorbs well in the radiationabsorbing material. With higher laser powers, faster scan speeds can beachieved. For example lasers having power output in the range of 6 W-30W, wavelengths in the range of 1060-1070 nm, and scanning at a rate inthe range of 400-4000 mm/s have been shown to form excellent bondsbetween inorganic solid supports and organic layers containing carbonblack. For example, in several embodiments the laser will be used toirradiate the absorbing material to cause sufficient heating to melt theinorganic layer or the organic layer.

Generally the radiation beam contacts the radiation absorbing materialand is scanned along a path that delineates the desired bonding patternat the interface of two solid supports. An example is shown in Panel Aof FIG. 1, where a laser beam is directed orthogonal to the plane formedby the interface of the glass and polyimide spacer. Scanning the laserfrom edge to edge along the plane will produce a linear bonding layerthat runs from one edge to the other. By extrapolating the diagram inPanel A of FIG. 1 to a 3 dimensional configuration it will be apparentthat the laser can be scanned in a raster pattern in the same plane(i.e. from edge to edge and also in and out of the page a distance d) toproduce a bonding pattern that runs from edge to edge and has a width d.Turning to the flowcell layers shown in FIG. 2 as an example, a lasercan be scanned along the plane formed by the interface of the blackpolyimide and the glass to create a bonding layer. The path of the lasercan correlate with the pattern of the black polyimide such that cutoutregions (that form the channels) are avoided while other regions whereblack polyimide is in contact with the glass are irradiated. Althoughthe method is exemplified with a laser that contacts the organic layeron the face that is in direct contact with the layer of the inorganiclayer to which it will bond, it will be understood that irradiation canoccur on the opposite side of the organic layer and heat can betransferred to the bonding face so long as a sufficiently thin organiclayer is used.

An advantage of the laser bonding technique as that localized heatingproduces a bonding layer without causing substantial deformation of thesolid supports. In contrast, other techniques that do not providespatial discrimination when heating a spacer to the point of meltingtypically result in deformation of the spacer, which in turn deforms theshape of channels or other features in the spacer.

To achieve bonding in the methods of the present disclosure, theirradiation can pass through the inorganic solid support to contact theinterface with the organic layer. As exemplified in Panel A of FIG. 1,the radiation from the laser passes through the upper glass support tocontact the upper surface of the black polyimide spacer. The radiationbeam is shown orthogonal to the plane of the interface in the figure,but in this or other embodiments the radiation beam can impinge at anangle with respect to the interface plane. Impinging at an angle can bebeneficial when creating certain bonding patterns or to avoid featurespresent on the inorganic solid support or on the organic solid support.Although not explicitly diagrammed in the static image shown in Panel Aof FIG. 1, the lower glass support can be bonded to the black polyimidespacer by passing the laser beam through the lower glass substrate toirradiate the interface between the black polyimide spacer and the lowerglass support. Thus, both of the glass substrates can be bonded toopposite surfaces of the black polyimide layer to form the multilayerdevice.

An alternative configuration is shown in Panel B of FIG. 1. Here theorganic layer provides three sides to the channel (e.g. both thesidewalls and the top for the channel). In the diagram shown, thepolyimide layer has laser bonding feet that are coated or locallyimpregnated with carbon black. Thus, the laser absorbing layer ispresent on the organic layer in a pattern that defines the channelfootprint on the glass surface. In the example shown, the phenyl azidelayer is also provided in a pattern that defines the footprint(optionally, the phenyl azide need not be patterned). Laser bonding ofthe components shown in Panel B of FIG. 1 will create a multilayerfluidic device having a single inorganic layer (e.g. glass) bonded to asingle organic layer (e.g. polyimide), wherein the organic layer isshaped to provide all but one side of the channel (i.e. the side formedby the glass surface).

As set forth above, a pattern of bonding between an inorganic solidsupport and organic solid support can be created by selectivelydirecting radiation in a pattern that delineates the bonding pattern. Apattern of bonding can also be delineated by the surface pattern of theorganic solid support, the pattern of a chemically reactive layer at theinterface of the inorganic and organic supports, and/or the surfacepattern of the inorganic support. FIG. 2 shows an example where thesurface pattern of an organic support delineates the bonding pattern. Inthis example, the radiation pattern can replicate the pattern of theorganic support surface. However, the radiation pattern need not followthe pattern of the organic support in this example since the cutouts inthe organic solid support prevent bonding at unwanted locations on thesurface. This is also the case when using a pattern for the chemicallyreactive layer or a surface pattern for the inorganic support. Thus, apattern of radiation can be optionally used in combination with a solidsupport surface pattern and/or a pattern of a chemically reactive layer.

The organic solid support need not be patterned prior to formation of abonding layer with an inorganic solid support. Rather, a pattern can becreated by cutting the organic support after bonding has occurred. It isgenerally advantageous to use a selective radiation pattern, a patternfor the chemically reactive layer and/or a surface pattern for theinorganic support when the organic support is to be cut after bonding.Such patterning will allow for easier removal of the cut out area sinceit will not be attached to the inorganic support surface. Excessmaterial can be removed by cutting away with a laser tuned to awavelength with significant absorption in the spacer material, or with ablade-based cutter/plotter. An example of this method (reference numeral100) is shown in FIG. 6.

The present disclosure provides a fluidic device made, for example, bythe methods set forth above. For example, the present disclosureprovides a fluidic device having at least one channel defined by aninorganic solid support attached to an organic solid support by abonding layer, wherein the fluidic device is made by the process of: (a)contacting the inorganic solid support, the organic solid support and aradiation-absorbing material in a configuration wherein theradiation-absorbing material is present at an interface between theinorganic solid support and the organic solid support; and (b) applyingcompression at the interface and irradiating the radiation-absorbingmaterial with the radiation to form the bonding layer between theinorganic solid support and the organic solid support. In particularembodiments, the radiation-absorbing material is not an electricallyconductive material such as a metal.

A fluidic device of the present disclosure, whether or not it is made bythe methods exemplified herein can include features and characteristicsof the multilayer devices made by such methods. In particularembodiments, a fluidic device can include (a) an inorganic solid supportattached to an organic solid support by a bonding layer, wherein theinorganic solid support has a rigid structure and wherein the bondinglayer includes a material that absorbs radiation at a wavelength that istransmitted by the inorganic solid support or the organic solid support,and (b) at least one channel formed by the attachment of the inorganicsolid support to the organic solid support, wherein the channel isconfigured to contain a liquid and the bonding layer that attaches theinorganic solid support to the organic solid support provides a sealagainst liquid flow. In particular embodiments, the material thatabsorbs radiation is not an electrically conductive material. Forexample, in some embodiments, the material that absorbs radiation is nota metal.

A fluidic device of the present disclosure is particularly useful forarray analysis. For example, a fluidic device can contain an arrayhaving nucleic acid features. A particularly desirable use for thenucleic acid features is to serve as capture probes that hybridize totarget nucleic acids having complementary sequences. The target nucleicacids once hybridized to the capture probes can be detected, forexample, via a label recruited to the capture probe. Methods fordetection of target nucleic acids via hybridization to capture probesare known in the art and include, for example, those described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 7,582,420; 6,890,741; 6,913,884 or 6,355,431 or US Pat. App.Pub. Nos. 2005/0053980 A1; 2009/0186349 A1 or 2005/0181440 A1, each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference.

A nucleic acid array can also be used in a sequencing procedure, such asa sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) technique. Exemplary SBS procedures,fluidic systems and detection platforms that can be readily adapted foruse with an array produced by the methods of the present disclosure aredescribed, for example, in Bentley et al., Nature 456:53-59 (2008), WO04/018497; WO 91/06678; WO 07/123744; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,057,026;7,329,492; 7,211,414; 7,315,019 or 7,405,281, and US Pat. App. Pub. No.2008/0108082 A1, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.Other sequencing procedures that use cyclic reactions can be used, suchas pyrosequencing (Ronaghi, et al., Analytical Biochemistry 242(1), 84-9(1996); Ronaghi, Genome Res. 11(1), 3-11 (2001); Ronaghi et al. Science281(5375), 363 (1998); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,210,891; 6,258,568 and6,274,320, each of which is incorporated herein by reference),Sequencing-by-ligation (Shendure et al. Science 309:1728-1732 (2005);U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,599,675; and 5,750,341, each of which is incorporatedherein by reference), sequencing-by-hybridization (Bains et al., Journalof Theoretical Biology 135(3), 303-7 (1988); Drmanac et al., NatureBiotechnology 16, 54-58 (1998); Fodor et al., Science 251(4995), 767-773(1995); and WO 1989/10977, each of which is incorporated herein byreference), FRET-based sequencing (Levene et al. Science 299, 682-686(2003); Lundquist et al. Opt. Lett. 33, 1026-1028 (2008); Korlach et al.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 1176-1181 (2008), the disclosures ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference), or sequencing based ondetection of released protons (US Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 2009/0026082 A1;2009/0127589 A1; 2010/0137143 A1; or 2010/0282617 A1, each of which isincorporated herein by reference).

Other useful applications for an array of the present disclosure aregene expression analysis or genotyping analysis. Exemplary methods forarray-based expression and genotyping analysis that can be carried outon an array of the present disclosure are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.7,582,420; 6,890,741; 6,913,884 or 6,355,431 or US Pat. App. Pub. Nos.2005/0053980 A1; 2009/0186349 A1 or 2005/0181440 A1, each of which isincorporated herein by reference. Gene expression and genotyping canalso be performed using sequencing techniques.

The attachment of a nucleic acid to a feature can be via an intermediatestructure such as a bead, particle or gel. Attachment via a gel isexemplified by flowcells available commercially from Illumina Inc. (SanDiego, Calif.) or described in WO 2008/093098, which is incorporatedherein by reference. Exemplary gels that can be used in the methods andapparatus set forth herein include, but are not limited to, those havinga colloidal structure, such as agarose; polymer mesh structure, such asgelatin; or cross-linked polymer structure, such as polyacrylamide, SFA(see, for example, US Pat. App. Pub. No. 2011/0059865 A1, which isincorporated herein by reference) or PAZAM (see, for example, U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/784,368, which is incorporated herein byreference). Attachment via a bead can be achieved as exemplified in thedescription and cited references set forth previously herein.

In several embodiments, the surface of a fluidic device can includeoligonucleotide primers used for capture and/or amplification oftemplate nucleic acids. The primers can be present as a lawn on one ormore surfaces of the device. Alternatively, the primers can be presentat patterned features as described, for example, in U.S. pat.application Ser. No. 13/492,661; Ser. No. 13/661,524; Ser. No.13/783,043; and Ser. No. 13/787,396, each of which is incorporatedherein by reference. The primers can be universal primers that hybridizeto a universal adapter sequence that is attached to different targetnucleic acids in a library (i.e. each target nucleic acid includes atarget region that differs from other target nucleic acids in thelibrary and several target nucleic acids in the library have the sameuniversal adapter sequence). In some embodiments, a target nucleic acidcan be solid-support-attached, and primers (whether in solution or alsosolid-support-attached) can be used to amplify the attached targetnucleic acid (i.e. the target nucleic acid can serve as a template foramplification).

A method set forth herein can use any of a variety of amplificationtechniques. Exemplary techniques that can be used include, but are notlimited to, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rolling circleamplification (RCA), multiple displacement amplification (MDA), orrandom prime amplification (RPA). In particular embodiments, one or moreprimers used for amplification can be solid-support-attached. In PCRembodiments, one or both of the primers used for amplification can besolid-support-attached. Formats that utilize two species of attachedprimer are often referred to as bridge amplification because doublestranded amplicons form a bridge-like structure between the two attachedprimers that flank the template sequence that has been copied. Exemplaryreagents and conditions that can be used for bridge amplification aredescribed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,658; U.S. Patent Publ.No. 2002/0055100; U.S. Pat. No. 7,115,400; U.S. Patent Publ. No.2004/0096853; U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2004/0002090; U.S. Patent Publ. No.2007/0128624; and U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2008/0009420, each of which isincorporated herein by reference. PCR amplification can also be carriedout with one of the amplification primers being solid-support-attachedand the second primer being in solution. Exemplary components that canbe used in an RCA reaction and principles by which RCA producesamplicons are described, for example, in Lizardi et al., Nat. Genet.19:225-232 (1998) and US Pat. App. Pub. No. 2007/0099208 A1, each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference. Some basic principles anduseful conditions for MDA are described, for example, in Dean et al.,Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:5261-66 (2002); Lage et al., GenomeResearch 13:294-307 (2003); Walker et al., Molecular Methods for VirusDetection, Academic Press, Inc., 1995; Walker et al., Nucl. Acids Res.20:1691-96 (1992); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,455,166; 5,130,238; and 6,214,587,each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit thepresent invention.

EXAMPLE I Fabricating Flowcells

This example describes a method for fabricating a flowcell device bybonding a polyimide spacer between two planar glass supports. A layerthat includes chemically reactive linkers and a radiation absorbingmaterial is formed between the polyimide spacer and the glass. Laseractivation of this layer results in bonding of the glass to thepolyimide.

Diagrammatic representations of methods for fabricating a flowcell areshown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. A rectangular glass slide is coated on oneside with (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) to form an aminosilane layer and the amino group is reacted withN-Hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidosalicylic Acid (HSAB) to form a phenylazide layer. A sheet of black Kapton (polymide containing carbon blackfrom DuPont) having rectangular dimensions similar to the glass slideand a thickness of 100 microns is pre-patterned to contain cutouts forflowcell lanes. A spacer having cutouts for 6 lanes is exemplified inFIG. 2. The black Kapton spacer is exposed to oxygen plasma and thencompressed against the glass slide with approximately 100 PSI ofpressure while laser energy at 1064 nm wavelength is applied to thespacer. The laser spot can be scanned rapidly for higher power lasers(3500 mm/s for a 30 W laser) or more slowly to accommodate lower powerlaser systems (400 mm/s for a 6 W laser). Continuous wave (CW) modelasers have an advantage of delivering even energy over time, but theprocess can be tuned to use pulse mode lasers as well.

The black Kapton spacer need not be pre-cut if the phenyl azide coatingis patterned on the glass slide (i.e. silane reagents are present at thelocations where spacer will attach to form the walls of the channels andare absent from the locations where spacer material will be removed toform the channels). Alternatively or additionally, the path ofirradiation from the laser can follow the shape of the spacer such thatbonding does not occur at the locations where spacer material will besubsequently cut out to form channels.

The resulting fluidic device will have several channels defined by thecutouts in the spacer and the glass bottom support. These open channelscan be enclosed by bonding a second glass slide, having similarrectangular dimensions as the bottom glass slide, to the exposed side ofthe black Kapton spacer. The top glass slide is coated with the phenylazide layer, the spacer is exposed to oxygen plasma, and the top glassslide is compressed against the spacer while laser energy at 1064 nmwavelength is applied to the black Kapton. One of the glass slides canbe pre-drilled with ingress and egress apertures for the flowcell lanes(as exemplified in FIG. 2). Alternatively, the apertures can be drilledafter bonding to the spacer.

As set forth above, a radiation absorbing material (e.g. carbon black)can be present in the polyimide spacer to allow it to absorb the laserenergy which in turn leads to formation of the bond between the glassand spacer. Alternatively, a wavelength that is significantly absorbedby the natural polyimide material (e.g. 480 nm) can be used instead ofadding carbon black or other radiation absorbing material to the spacer.As another example, polyimide CEN JP can be bonded when irradiated withlight at 532 nm.

Without intending to be bound by theory, it is contemplated that thebond formed using the methods of this example, may differ from atraditional transmission laser weld where two materials melt and diffuseinto one another across the interface. Rather, using the methodsdescribed in this example, the laser energy may be acting to soften oneor both materials allowing for the contact required for a covalent bondto occur.

EXAMPLE II Fabricating Flowcells for Use in Electric Field AssistedNucleic Acid Capture

This example demonstrates a cost-effective, metal-free bonding techniquefor flowcell assembly. An advantage of the technique is that metal, suchas titanium which is often used to create a transmission laser weld, canbe eliminated from flowcell fabrication. This can reduce the cost ofmaterials for flowcell manufacture since titanium is relativelyexpensive. Avoiding metals such as titanium can also provide for a bondbetween the spacer and glass that is more robust for applications wherean electrical current is passed through the flowcell; otherwiseelectrochemistry can occur at the bonding interface to weaken thestructure of the flowcell.

A diagrammatic representation of the bonding process is shown FIG. 3.Borosilicate thin glass (D263 glass) having an indium tin oxide (ITO)coating was treated with plasma to activate the ITO surface and enrichit with hydroxyl groups. Next a vapor phase silanization was done with(3-aminopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (APTMS) to covalently link surface —OHgroups to the silane followed by a thermal bake step to completelycrosslink the silane layer on the surface. The black Kapton (blackpolyimide) was then chemically bonded to the silanized surface using1064 nm laser irradiation. Black polyimide absorbs strongly in the IRregion of the spectrum and it is a thermoplastic. Although not wishingto be bound by theory it is believed that the heated polyimide reflowsat the silane interface to form what appear to be covalent bonds. Asdemonstrated in Example III, peel strengths for the resulting bond arecomparable or surpass measured values achieved using titanium weldedbonds for the same materials.

The bonding process at the whole flowcell level occurred similarly tothat shown in FIG. 2 (except that the surface coated glass included anITO layer). More specifically, a black polyimide gasket was first UVlaser cut with Cr/Au pads evaporated directly on the black polyimide. Topromote the adhesion of Cr/Au to the polyimide, an O₂ plasmapre-treatment of the polyimide was performed. A Cr/Au thickness of above150 nm was beneficial to formation of robust, low resistance contactsupon bonding to the silanized ITO layer and allowed storage inelectrolyte for over 1 week without measurable degradation of theconductance. This technique allows for good electrical contact to theITO with contact resistance <10 Ohms.

A photograph of a flowcell bonded using this technique is shown in FIG.4. The flowcell offers two electrical contacts per ITO layer. Asdiagrammed in FIG. 5, this allows for an input potential/waveform to beapplied across a pair of input electrodes and the samepotential/waveform can be measured across the output electrodes ensuringminimal contact resistance.

To test the application of electric fields inside the flowcell, electricfield assisted patterning was performed as set forth in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/783,043, which is incorporated herein byreference, with the following modifications. The electrodes were biasedat 2V with K₂SO₄ filled in 4 of the flowcell lanes. A TET QC pre- andpost E-field burnoff revealed that indeed oligonucleotide primers wereremoved (˜60% reduction in primer intensity observed). Nucleic acidcapture and amplification was carried out on various lanes of theflowcell. Patterned nucleic acid clusters were clearly visible,confirming that electric fields could be successfully applied in theflowcell using this technique.

To test the robustness of this flowcell bonding technique, 26 cycles ofsequencing were successfully completed on the flowcell without fluidleakage or vacuum failures. Sequencing was carried out as set forth inU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/783,043, which is incorporatedherein by reference.

EXAMPLE III Testing Structural Characteristics of Flowcells

This example describes methods for evaluating structural characteristicsof multilayer devices. This example also demonstrates advantageousfeatures of flowcells produced by the methods set forth in Example II.

Peel Test

One way to measure the bond strength between the glass and polyimide isto bond a test strip and then measure the force required to physicallypeel it off the glass. Typically a range of laser conditions are appliedone per block down the length of a slide. The peel strip is then cut toa known width and length, and can be placed in the peel tester formeasurement. The force applied to the grippers is measured approx 5times a second to give a set of readings showing the peel strength ofeach of the welded strips. Typically, the peel strip is cut into twosections, so that either both can be peeled under the same conditions(better statistics) or one can be peeled after accelerated wet storage(to measure the robustness of the bond to storage).

The peel test was used to compare the strength of the bond formedbetween black Kapton and silanized glass in the presence or absence oflaser treatment. Black Kapton films were uniformly treated as describedin Example II and brought into contact with the glass under significantpressure (˜100 PSI across the entire film).

The glass was also treated as described in Example II. The laser wasapplied to selective areas of the two substrates (and not to otherareas). Only those areas which were exposed to the laser formed abonding layer. Non-lased areas remained completely non-bonded, despitehaving identical chemistry and being compressed together.

The peel test was also used to evaluate robustness of flowcells tostorage in aqueous solution. Pairs of flowcells were produced by themethods described in Example II. Test flowcells were produced and storedin aqueous solution for 7 days at 80° C. prior to peel test. Controlflowcells were produced and subjected to peel tests without priorstorage in the aqueous solution. The results of the peel tests showedthat storage did not adversely impact bonding strength for flowcellsproduced by the methods set forth in Example II.

Pressure Leak Test

A flowcell was fabricated as described in Example II. Pressurized air/N₂(at 30 PSI pressure) was then forced into all or some of the lanesthrough a gasketed pressure manifold. The rate at which the pressuredecayed (due to air leaking out) was then monitored over 1 min. This isa non-destructive test, so the flowcell can be tested repeatedly over asuccession of time points—typically with the flowcell being held inaccelerated storage conditions between the tests. In this way, thequality of the initial bond and how long the flowcell can be storedwithout developing leaks can be evaluated.

Flowcells were produced as described in Example II and stored in aqueoussolution at 80° C. for various time periods prior to being subjected tothe pressure leak test. The flowcells were shown to last 20-30 days inthese conditions without leaking (>90% of tested flowcells passing).

Throughout this application various publications, patents and patentapplications have been referenced. The disclosures of these publicationsin their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference in thisapplication in order to more fully describe the state of the art towhich this invention pertains.

The term “comprising” is intended herein to be open-ended, including notonly the recited elements, but further encompassing any additionalelements.

Although the invention has been described with reference to the examplesprovided above, it should be understood that various modifications canbe made without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the inventionis limited only by the claims.

1-38. (canceled)
 39. A method of making a flowcell, the methodcomprising: bonding a first surface of an organic solid support to asurface of a first inorganic solid support via a first bonding layer,wherein the organic solid support includes a plurality of elongatedcutouts; bonding a surface of a second inorganic solid support to asecond surface of the organic solid support via a second bonding layer,so as to form the flowcell; wherein the formed flowcell comprises aplurality of channels defined by the surface of the first inorganicsolid support, the surface of the second inorganic solid support, andwalls of the elongated cutouts.
 40. The method of claim 39, furthercomprising: before bonding the first surface of the organic solidsupport to the surface of the first inorganic solid, forming the firstbonding layer on an entirety of the surface of the first inorganic solidsupport; and before bonding the surface of the second inorganic solidsupport to the second surface of the organic solid support, forming thesecond bonding layer on an entirety of the surface of the firstinorganic solid support.
 41. The method of claim 39, wherein: each ofthe first and second bonding layers is formed of a radiation-absorbingmaterial; bonding the first surface of the organic solid support to thesurface of the first inorganic solid comprises irradiating the firstbonding layer with a laser; and bonding the surface of the secondinorganic solid support to the second surface of the organic solidsupport comprises irradiating the second bonding layer with the laser.42. The method of claim 41, wherein: in irradiating the first bondinglayer with the laser, the first bonding layer is irradiated in apredetermined bonding pattern so as to avoid regions of the firstbonding layer corresponding to the elongated cutouts of the organicsolid support; and in irradiating the second bonding layer with thelaser, the second bonding layer is irradiated in a predetermined bondingpattern so as to avoid regions of the second bonding layer correspondingto the elongated cutouts of the organic solid support.
 43. The method ofclaim 39, wherein each of the first and second inorganic solid supportsis made of silica or a silica-based material.
 44. The method of claim39, wherein each of the first and second bonding layers comprises3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES).
 45. The method of claim 39,wherein the organic solid support comprises a polyimide that containscarbon black.
 46. The method of claim 39, wherein each of the first andsecond inorganic solid supports comprises a plurality of wells, and eachwell contains a gel material.
 47. The method of claim 46, wherein thegel material comprises apoly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide (PAZAM)polymer.
 48. A method of making a flowcell, the method comprising:bonding a first surface of an organic solid support to a surface of afirst inorganic solid support via a first bonding layer; after bondingthe first surface of the organic solid support to the surface of thefirst inorganic solid support, patterning the organic solid support soas to form a plurality of elongated cutouts in the organic solidsupport; bonding a surface of a second inorganic solid support to asecond surface of the patterned organic solid support via a secondbonding layer, so as to form the flowcell; wherein the formed flowcellcomprises a plurality of channels defined by the surface of the firstinorganic solid support, the surface of the second inorganic solidsupport, and walls of the elongated cutouts.
 49. The method of claim 48,further comprising: before bonding the first surface of the organicsolid support to the surface of the first inorganic solid, forming thefirst bonding layer on an entirety of the surface of the first inorganicsolid support; and before bonding the surface of the second inorganicsolid support to the second surface of the organic solid support,forming the second bonding layer on an entirety of the surface of thefirst inorganic solid support.
 50. The method of claim 48, wherein: eachof the first and second bonding layers is formed of aradiation-absorbing material; bonding the first surface of the organicsolid support to the surface of the first inorganic solid comprisesirradiating the first bonding layer with a laser; and bonding thesurface of the second inorganic solid support to the second surface ofthe organic solid support comprises irradiating the second bonding layerwith the laser.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein: in irradiating thefirst bonding layer with the laser, the first bonding layer isirradiated in a predetermined bonding pattern so as to avoid regions ofthe first bonding layer at which the elongated cutouts are to be formedin the organic solid support; in patterning the organic solid support,the elongated cutouts are formed by cutting a pattern for the elongatedcutouts in the organic solid support, and removing portions of theorganic solid support at regions corresponding to the regions of thefirst bonding layer that were avoided when irradiating the first bondinglayer with the laser.
 52. The method of claim 48, wherein each of thefirst and second inorganic solid supports is made of silica or asilica-based material.
 53. The method of claim 48, wherein each of thefirst and second bonding layers comprises 3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane(APTES).
 54. The method of claim 48, wherein the organic solid supportcomprises a polyimide that contains carbon black.
 55. The method ofclaim 48, wherein each of the inorganic solid supports comprises aplurality of wells, and each well contains a gel material.
 56. Themethod of claim 55, wherein the gel material comprises apoly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide (PAZAM)polymer.
 57. A flowcell comprising: a first inorganic solid support; asecond inorganic solid support; an organic solid support, wherein theorganic solid support includes a plurality of elongated cutouts; a firstbonding layer bonding a first surface of the organic solid support to asurface of the first inorganic solid support; and a second bonding layerbonding a surface of the second inorganic solid support to a secondsurface of the organic solid support; wherein the flowcell comprises aplurality of channels defined by the surface of the first inorganicsolid support, the surface of the second inorganic solid support, andwalls of the elongated cutouts.
 58. The flowcell of claim 57, whereineach of the first and second inorganic solid supports is made of silicaor a silica-based material, and the organic solid support comprises apolyimide that contains carbon black.
 59. The flowcell of claim 57,wherein each of the first and second bonding layers comprises3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES).
 60. The flowcell of claim 57,wherein each of the inorganic solid supports comprises a plurality ofwells, and each well contains a gel material.
 61. The flowcell of claim60, wherein the gel material comprises apoly(N-(5-azidoacetamidylpentyl)acrylamide-co-acrylamide (PAZAM)polymer.